Formation Of Humic Substances Research Articles

The impact of microbial inoculants on large-scale composting of straw and manure under natural low-temperature conditions

Understanding large-scale composting under natural conditions is essential for improving waste management and promoting sustainable agriculture. In this study, corn straw (400 tons) and pig manure (200 tons) were composted with microbial inoculants. The thermophilic phase of composting lasted for fourteen weeks, resulting in an alkaline final product. Microbial systems with low-temperature initiation and high-temperature fermentation played a crucial role in enhancing lignocellulose degradation and humic substances (HS) formation. Adding microbes, including Rhodanobacter, Pseudomonas, and Planococcus, showed a positive correlation with degradation rates of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Bacillus, Planococcus, and Acinetobacter were positively correlated with HS formation. Microorganisms facilitated efficient hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, providing humic precursors to accelerate composting humification through phenolic protein and Maillard pathways. This study provides significant insights into large-scale composting under natural conditions, contributing to the advancement of waste management strategies and the promotion of sustainable agriculture.

Co-composting sugar-containing waste with chicken manure–A new approach to carbon sequestration

Improving resource use is a pressing research issue because of the huge potential organic waste market. Composting is a recycling technique, treatment to achieve the dual effect of resource recovery and zero waste. Waste composition varies: for example, chicken manure is rich in protein, straw contains wood fibres, fruit and vegetables contain sugar, and food waste contains starch.When considering combining waste streams for composting, it is important to ask if this approach can reduce overall composting costs while achieving a more concentrated result. Chicken manure, in particular, presents a unique challenge. This is due to its high protein content. The lack of precursor sugars for glucosamine condensation in chicken manure results in lower humus content in the final compost than other composting methods. To address this, we conducted experiments to investigate whether adding sugary fruits and vegetables to a chicken manure composting system would improve compost quality. To improve experimental results, we used sucrose and maltose instead of fruit and vegetable waste. Sugars added to chicken manure composting resulted in a significant increase in humic substance (HS) content, with improvements of 9.0% and 17.4%, respectively, compared to the control. Sucrose and maltose have a similar effect on the formation of humic substances. These results demonstrate the feasibility of composting fruit and vegetable waste with chicken manure, providing a theoretical basis for future composting experiments.

The effects of different electrode materials on the electric field-assisted co-composting system for the soil remediation of heavy metal pollution

The electric field-assisted composting system (EACS) is an emerging technology that can enhance composting efficiency, but little attention has been given to electrode materials. Herein, an EACS was established to investigate the effects of electrode materials on humic substance formation and heavy metal speciation. Excitation-emission matrix analysis showed that carbon-felt and stainless-steel electrodes increased humic acid (HA) by 48.57 % and 47.53 %, respectively. In the EACS with the carbon-felt electrode, the bioavailability factors (BF) of Cu and Cr decreased by 18.00 % and 7.61 %, respectively. Despite that the stainless-steel electrodes decreased the BF of As by 11.26 %, the leaching of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Fe from the electrode itself is an inevitable concern. Microbial community analyses indicated that the electric field increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and stimulated the multiplication of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria. Redundancy analysis indicates that OM, pH, and current significantly affect the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the EACS. This study first evaluated the metal leaching risk of stainless-steel electrode, and confirmed that carbon-felt electrode is environment-friendly material with high performance and low risk in future research with EACS.

Gaining insight into the effect of laccase expression on humic substance formation during lignocellulosic biomass composting

The aim is to enhance lignin humification by promoting laccase activities which can promote lignin depolymerization and reaggregation during composting. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) is employed to conduct laccase mediator system (LMS), application of oxidized graphene (GO) in combination to strengthen LMS. Compared with control, the addition of GO, HBT, and GH (GO coupled with HBT) significantly improved laccase expression and activities (P < 0.05), with lignin humification efficiency also increased by 68.6 %, 36.7 %, and 107.8 %. GH treatment induces microbial expression of laccase by increasing the abundance and synergy of core microbes. The unsupervised learning model, vector autoregressive model and Mantel test function were combined to elucidate the mechanism of action of exogenous materials. The results showed that GO stabilized the composting environment on the one hand, and acted as a support vector to stabilize the LMS and promote the function of laccase on the other. In GH treatment, degradation of macromolecules and humification of small molecules were promoted simultaneously by activating the dual function of laccase. Additionally, it also reveals the GH enhances the humification of lignocellulosic compost by converting phenolic pollutants into aggregates. These findings provide a new way to enhance the dual function of laccase and promote lignin humification during composting. It could effectively achieve the resource utilization of organic solid waste and reduce composting pollution.

The positive effect of the enzyme inducer (MnSO4) on the formation of humic substance in rice straw composting by stimulating key microorganisms

This study investigated the impact of adding enzyme inducer (MnSO4) on humic substance (HS) formation during straw composting. The results demonstrated that both enzyme inducer treatment group (Mn) and functional microorganism treatment group (F) led to an increase in the content of HS compared to the treatment group without enzyme inducer and functional microorganism (CK). Interestingly, the enzyme inducer exhibited a higher promoting effect on HS (57.80 % ~ 58.58 %) than functional microbial (46.54 %). This was because enzyme inducer stimulated the growth of key microorganisms and changed the interaction relationship between microorganisms. The structural equation model suggested that the enzyme inducer promoted the utilization of amino acids by the fungus and facilitated the conversion of precursors to humic substance components. These findings provided a direction for improving the quality of composting products from agricultural straw waste. It also provided theoretical support for adding MnSO4 to compost.

Synergistic effects of Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst on humic substances formation and microplastics mitigation during sewage sludge composting

In this study, a novel Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst (Fe0/FeS) was synthesized via a self-heating process and employed to explore its impact on the formation of humic substances and the mitigation of microplastics. The results reveal that Fe0/FeS exhibited a significant increase in humic acid content (71.01 mg kg−1). Similarly, the formation of humic substances resulted in a higher humification index (4.91). Moreover, the addition of Fe0/FeS accelerated the degradation of microplastics (MPs), resulting in a lower concentration of MPs (9487 particles/kg) compared to the control experiments (22792 particles/kg). Fe0/FeS significantly increased the abundance of medium-sized MPs (50–200 μm) and reduced the abundance of small-sized (10–50 μm) and large-sized MPs (>1000 μm). These results can be attributed to the Fe0/FeS regulating the ▪OH production and specific microorganisms to promote humic substance formation and the degradation of MPs. This study proposes a feasible strategy to improve composting characteristics and reduce contaminants.

Effect and its mechanism of potassium persulfate on aerobic composting process of vegetable wastes.

Vegetable waste (VW) is a potential organic fertilizer resource. As an important way to utilize vegetable wastes, aerobic composting of VW generally has the problems of long fermentation cycle and incomplete decomposition of materials. In this study, 0.3-1.2% of potassium persulfate (KPS) was added to promote the maturity of compost. The results showed that the addition of KPS promoted the degradation of materials, accelerated the temperature rise of compost. KPS also promoted the formation of humic substances (HS). Compared with the control, HS contents of treatments with KPS addition increased by 7.81 ~ 17.52%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveal the mechanism of KPS affecting the composting process: KPS stimulated the degradation of various organic substances such as lignin at high temperature stage, and the degradation of lignin could accelerate the release and decomposition of other components; KPS made the structure of the material looser, with more voids and pores, and more specific surface area of the material, which was more suitable for microbial degradation activities. Therefore, the addition of KPS can promote the decomposition of organic matter in the early stage of composting, accelerate the process of thermophilic phase, and shorten the composting process and improve product maturity.

Effects of additive on formation and electron transfer capacity of humic substances derived from silkworm-excrement compost during composting

Amending biochar or MnO2 is a common strategy to regulate humification during manure composting. However, how these additives affect the formation, spectrum characteristics (UV–vis, FTIR, EEM) of humic substances (HSs) in silkworm-excrement (SE) compost and their electron transfer capacities (ETC) remains unclear. Thus, the SE composting pilot separately added with 10% corncob biochar (CB) (w/w) and 0.5% MnO2 (w/w) was run to investigate the effects. The results revealed that adding 10% CB slightly affected the HA/FA (humic acids/fulvic acids) ratios, UV–vis and FTIR spectra of the final SE-compost HSs and EEM components in the FA, but remarkably improved fulvic-like (C1)/quinone-like (C3) substances and reduced humic-like (C2)/protein-like substances (C4) in the HA. Meanwhile, 0.5% MnO2 had a noticeable positive effect on the aromatization of SE-compost FA and HA but only weak impact on SUVAs and EEM components in these HSs except C4 in the FA. Moreover, 10% CB obviously reduced EAC/EDC of FA and HA in the final SE compost by 31.1%/22.0% and 19.7%/24.0%, while MnO2 improved EDC of these HSs by 6.5%/9.1% (FA/HA). These results showed MnO2 can be used as a useful amendment to enhance the promotion effect of SE-compost HA in the soil remediation other than CB. Further investigation is suggested to focus on the effects of adding MnO2 on SE-compost HSs enhancing soil remediation and its effect on ETC derived from other manure compost.

Elaborating the microbial mechanism of humic substance formation during lignocellulosic biomass composting by inoculation with different functional microbes

This study explored the microbial mechanism of humic substance (HS) formation in the lignocellulosic biomass composting by inoculation with different functional microbes. Typical types of functional bacterial and fungal strains with higher lignocellulose degradation characteristics were inoculated into compost. Three treatment groups were set up: uninoculated microbes (CK treatment), inoculation of Bacillus subtilis (B4 treatment) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Z1 treatment). Results showed that the HS concentration for inoculation B. subtilis and A. fumigatus increased by 15.42% and 56.31%, respectively. B. subtilis could produce phenolic metabolites, cellobiose and maltose, and then enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby releasing CO2, while A. fumigatus could promote HS formation by producing phenolic metabolites, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, cellobiose, maltose, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, ribose and deoxyribose. In addition, inoculating A. fumigatus enhanced the correlation among lignocellulose-degrading metabolites and HS, and increased the relative abundance and numbers of microbial hosts of lignocellulose-degrading genes, promoting the HS formation. In addition, cellulose-degrading genes and lignin-degrading genes differences were the main drivers of HS formation in the inoculated treatment groups. Soluble sugar, organic matter, lignin and pH were key drivers in influencing the lignocellulose-degrading genes. This study was important for analyzing microbial biological mechanisms of HS formation during composting.

Synergistic effect triggered by Fe2O3 and oxygen-induced hydroxyl radical enhances formation of amino-phenolic humic-like substance

Metal oxides play a promising role in the transformation of polyphenols and amino acids involved in naturally occurring humification. The objective of this study was to explore the synergistic interactions between Fe2O3 and O2 in the formation of humic substances under a controlled O2 atmosphere (0%, 21% and 40% O2 levels). The results indicate that an O2 level of 21% with Fe2O3 was optimal for humic acid (HA) production. Hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) formed and promoted the formation of HA in the presence of O2, and O2 improved the enhancing capacity of Fe2O3 by oxidizing Fe(II) to Fe(III). Moreover, the combination of these processes resulted in a synergistic improvement in humification. The evolution of functional groups in HA suggested that O2 promoted the formation of oxygen-containing groups such as lipids, and Fe2O3 was conducive to the formation of dark-coloured polymers during the darkening process of humification. Furthermore, the O2 level of 40% inhibited the formation of HA by reducing the transformation from Fe(III) to Fe(II). The XRD results showed few changes in the composition of Fe2O3 before and after humification, which indicated that Fe2O3 was a catalyst and an oxidant. The heterospectral UV–Vis/FTIR results suggested that ∙OH attacked phenolic rings to form the aromatic ring skeleton of HA and benefit the ring-opening copolymerization of humic precursors. In addition, structural equation modelling demonstrated that dissolved Fe was the key parameter affecting the HA yield. These findings provide new insights into the synergism of O2-mediated ∙OH production associated with metal oxide-facilitated humification.

Insight into the pathways of biochar/smectite-induced humification during chicken manure composting

As representative organic and inorganic additives, both biochar and smectite exhibit an excellent capacity to improve humification efficiency during composting. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying biochar/smectite-induced compost humification have still not been fully explored from the perspective of overall organic substances. In this study, three composting treatments were performed as follows: 10 % biochar-amended composting, 10 % smectite-amended composting and natural composting without any additive. UV–visible parameters and synchronous hetero two-dimensional correlation spectra showed that biochar accelerated dissolved organic matter (DOM) complications, unsaturation and aromatization. For example, biochar promoted the C2 and simple C3 peaks to convert into a sophisticated C3/360 peak. However, the effect of smectite was negligible in complicating the DOM structure. Both biochar and smectite displayed an invigorating role in promoting humic substance (HS) formation. The strengthened relations between bacterial richness and physicochemical indicators and HS fractions might contribute to the positive action of biochar/smectite on HS synthesis. Network analysis showed that both bacterial functional omnipotence and specialization in response to the addition of catalysts may contribute to compost humification. The chemical pathway involved in DOM humification was intensified by enhancing the role of pH in biochar composting and weakening the degradation of unsaturated aromatic compounds of DOM with smectite addition. These findings benefit the practical application of biochar/smectite in promoting composting efficiency.

Hydrothermal carbonization aqueous phase promotes nutrient retention and humic substance formation during aerobic composting of chicken manure

The aqueous phase (AP) of hydrothermal carbonization is rich in humic substances (HSs), which could influence the poultry manure composting process and the product quality. Here, raw AP and its modified product (MAP) with different nitrogen (N) contents were added into chicken manure composting at low (5%) or high (10%) rate. Results showed that all APs addition decreased the temperature and pH but AP-10% increased total N, HSs, and humic acid (HA) of compost by 12%, 18% and 27%, respectively. MAP applications increased the total phosphorus by 8–9% and MAP-10% enhanced the total potussium content by 20%. Additionally, both AP and MAP additions increased the contents of three major components of dissolved organic matter by 20–64%. In conclusion, both AP and MAP can generally improve the chicken manure compost quality, which provides a new idea for the recycling of APs derived from agro-forestry wastes during hydrothermal carbonization.

Molecular insight into the transformation of dissolved organic matter during sewage sludge composting: An investigation of a full-scale composting plant

The aim of the study was to explore the molecular dynamics and transformation pathways of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sewage sludge (SS) during composting, and the DOM of raw material, material experiencing thermophilic phase and material collected from humification phase were characterized using electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The results indicated that there were approximately 85% of aliphatic/proteins and 75% of carbohydrate preferentially decomposed in the thermophilic phase. Moreover, lignins/carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) were the main N-containing substances evolved in the decomposition, which leading to a reduction of N/C ratio from 0.073 to 0.041. Whereas aliphatic acids and tryptophan in lignins/CRAM with high oxidizing capacities are preferentially decomposed in the thermophilic phase. As for maturity phase, the carbon of the newly generated compounds (belonging to lignins/CRAM and tannins), possessed an oxidation state that similar to sulfonates and sulfonamides, and these DOM are beneficial for the humic substances formation. Moreover, it was found that the newly formed N2Ox and N3Ox compounds had a more significant contribution to the double bond equivalent (DBE) of the compost, corresponding to 1.0 and 1.7 DBE, respectively. The results would help explore the understanding of DOM transformation and humification during SS composting in the microscopic molecular level.

Adjusting pH of the Secondary Composting Materials to Further Enhance the Lignocellulose Degradation and Promote the Humification Process

Straw waste has a large amount of lignocellulose, which shows a strong resistance to biodegradation in the composting process and hinders the formation of humic substances. Therefore, the effects of pH adjustment and inoculation of degradation bacteria on the composting process, lignocellulose degradation and humus formation in secondary fermentation were explored through aerobic composting experiments. The experiment was designed with four treatment groups: CK (conventional composting), T1 (adjusting pH), T2 (inoculating P. chrysosporium), and T3 (adjusting pH and inoculating P. chrysosporium), respectively. Results showed that except for treatment CK, all other treatments met the maturation standards at the end of composting. Adjustment of the pH value and the inoculation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) can significantly shorten the fermentation time. Among them, the lignin content of treatment T3 was reduced significantly by 14.28% compared to treatment T2; the content of humic acid in T3 increased significantly by 51.32% and 14.04% compared with T1 (adjusting pH) and T2 (p &lt; 0.05), respectively. In terms of key enzyme activity and precursor substance changes, the pH adjustment treatment was superior to other treatments after composting. This study confirmed that the change of pH conditions is an important environmental factor for microorganisms to enhance the humification process; degrading enzymes were used as a “bridge” to enhance the continuous degradation of lignocellulose by microorganisms and increase the supplementation of precursors and the synthesis of humic acid, which is the mechanism to enhance the humification process. Our findings provided a new method to enhance the humification process, which is a valuable and economical technical approach to improve organic fertilizer quality.

Humic substances formation during poultry litter composting and its influence on the structural characteristics of the compost

Humic substances formation during poultry litter composting and its influence on the structural characteristics of the compost

The reverse function of lignin-degrading enzymes: The polymerization ability to promote the formation of humic substances in domesticated composting

This study aimed to confirm the ability of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) in promoting the formation of humic substances (HS) during domesticated composting. Three raw materials with different lignin types were used for composting, including rice straw, tree branches, and pine needles. Results suggested that LiP and MnP activity increased during domesticated composting. But HS formation was only promoted by LiP. The effect of MnP was insignificant, which might be caused by the lack of enzyme cofactors like Mn2+. Meanwhile, bacteria highly associated with LiP and MnP production were identified as core bacteria. Function prediction of 16S-PICRUSt2 showed that the function of core bacteria was consistent with total bacterial functions which mainly promoted compost humification. Therefore, it speculated that LiP and MnP had the ability to promote HS formation during composting. Accordingly, it is a new understanding of the role of biological enzymes in composting.

Elaborating the role of rhamnolipids on the formation of humic substances during rice straw composting based on Fenton pretreatment and fungal inoculation

Composting is a green and sustainable way to dispose and reuse agricultural wastes, but the low degradation rate during composting hinders its application. This study was conducted to explore the effect of added surfactant rhamnolipids after Fenton pretreatment and inoculation of fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) into the compost on the formation of humic substances (HS) during rice straw composting, and explored the effect of this method. The results showed that rhamnolipids speeded up the degradation of organic matter and HS formation during composting. Rhamnolipids promoted the generation of lignocellulose-degrading products after Fenton pretreatment and fungal inoculation. The differential products benzoic acid, ferulic acid, 2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol and syringic acid were obtained. Additionally, key fungal species and modules were identified using multivariate statistical analysis. Reducing sugars, pH, and total nitrogen were the key environmental factors that affected HS formation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-quality transformation of agricultural wastes.

Effect of Fenton-like reactions on the hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose during rice straw composting based on genomics and metabolomics sequencing

The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of Fenton-like reactions on the hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose and the formation mechanism of humic substance (HS) during rice straw composting based on genomics and metabolomics sequencing. The inoculation of Aspergillus fumigatus and adding Fe (II) into compost were used to establish Fenton-like reactions. Fenton-like reactions have been successfully established in vitro and in the composting process. In addition, Fenton-like reactions increased HS and humic acid concentration by 96.38% and 255.80%, respectively, further promoting the humification process. The key differential lignocellulose-degrading products in the Fenton-like reactions, especially for maltose, glucose, xylose, galactose, phenols, butyrophenone, vanillin, syringe acid, vanillic acid hydroxycinnamic acid and benzoic acid, were identified. Additionally, network analysis was divided into four modular microbes in the fungal network. The functional fungal modules' functions and their related influencing factors showed essential roles in the hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose and HS formation during composting. This research provides new insight into the hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose and then promotes the formation of HS in the Fenton-like reactions during agricultural waste composting.

Enhancing the compost maturation of deer manure and corn straw by supplementation via black liquor

In this paper, the relationship between black liquor and microbial growth, enzymatic secretion and humus formation in composting was studied. The results showed that black liquor inoculation is an effective way to promote fermentation process. After black liquor inoculation, the abundance of Corynebacterium, Aequorivita, and Pedobacter, which have the catalase and oxidase activity, has been significantly increased. The enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, catalase, peroxidase and invertase was 40 mg/(g·24h), 6.5 mg/(g·20 min), 13 100 mg/(g·24h), and 6100 mg/(g·24h) respectively at day 18. Humic acid and fulvic acid concentration was 12 g/kg and 11 g/kg which is higher than that of the treatments of no black liquor inoculation. The results suggested that black liquor inoculation was beneficial to indigenous microorganisms reproduce efficiently, then the secretion of enzymes related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lipid hydrolysis, and the formation of humic substances.

Хімічний склад сполук-попередників та механізми утворення гумінових речовин у постседиментаційний етап еволюції органічних сполук

The publication is a review that presents in a concise form information about the chemical composition of living matter components and the mechanisms of their transformations, the result of which is the geopolymers formation. Among geopolymers, humic substances, including humic and fulvic acids, attract our attention. The relevance of this review lies in the importance of understanding multidirectional reactions, the result of which is the secondary polymerization of organic matter chemically active components that have passed the biodegradation barrier at the stage of sedimentation and diagenetic transformations. Humic substances, in their turn, are precursors of kerogen, therefore, an understanding of reaction mechanisms and their products provides complete information about the conditions of various types of kerogen formation, which are characterized by different ability to produce oil and gas. We paid special attention to polyphenols, which have high chemical activity and the ability to react with increasing molecular weight. In addition to the traditional Maillard reaction, among the condensation mechanisms we considered oxidative crosslinking of phenols, oxidative condensation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and esterification of fatty acids with phenols. For each mechanism, the conditions for its implementation and probable contribution to the formation of humic substances are briefly considered. Analysis of probable mechanisms of formation of humic substances showed that condensation reactions can occur under geochemical conditions of sedimentation and early diagenesis. At the same time, their speeds are low, and the precursors necessary for the reactions, formed as a result of biological degradation, are contained in very small concentrations. We conclude that kerogen contains two components – primary, which enters its structure without any significant changes, and secondary, which is the result of a series of complex multidirectional reactions.